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This study aims to evaluate the quality consistency of Saposhnikoviae Radix based on carbohydrates, and explore the potential of carbohydrates as the internal quality control indicators of Saposhnikoviae Radix. The total polysaccharides were quantified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the molecular weight range of the polysaccharides was determined by high performance gel-permeation chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection(HPGPC-ELSD). The monosaccharides in polysaccharides and the free monosaccharides were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography-UV detection(HPLC-UV), and the oligosaccharides and fructose were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection(HPLC-ELSD). The carbohydrate-based quality of Saposhnikoviae Radix was compared among 45 batches of commercial samples and 13 batches of self-collected samples. The results showed that the molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide composition, oligosaccharide, and free monosaccharide composition were similar in the 58 batches of samples. The average content of total polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and total free monosaccharides in commercial samples were 39.66, 148.79, and 68.62 mg·g~(-1), respectively. The content showed significant differences among batches, with the highest differences of 3.51, 1.75, and 2.58 times, respectively. The RSD of the relative ratios of monosaccharides in the polysaccharides in commercial samples reached 28%-45%. The average content of total polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and total free monosaccharides in self-collected samples were 68.07, 145.76, and 42.04 mg·g~(-1), respectively, with the inter-region differences of 2.88, 1.88, and 1.07 times, respectively. The RSD of the relative ratios of monosaccharides in polysaccharides in self-collected samples ranged from 8.2% to 59%. The total polysaccharides and total free monosaccharides in self-collected samples were 1.72 times higher and 1.63 times lower, respectively, than those in commercial samples. The content of oligosaccharides was similar between self-collected samples and commercial samples. To sum up, carbohydrates are one of the material bases for the internal quality consistency of Saposhnikoviae Radix. The qualitative characteristics of polysaccharides and the quantitative characteristics of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are related to the origin of medicinal materials. Moreover, the quantitative characteristics of polysaccharides and free monosaccharides may be related to the storage conditions. Carbohydrates are potential indicators for the quality control of Saposhnikoviae Radix and deserve attention.
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Decoction is one of the traditional dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). In addition to small molecular components, decoction also contains polysaccharides and other macromolecular components. For a long time, ethanol precipitation has been commonly used during TCMs based new drug development to remove "ineffective macromolecular components", and enrich "active small molecules components", so as to improve the subsequent formability of the preparations. With the recognition of the relationships between gut microbiota and host health/disease, and the potential prebiotic effects of natural polysaccharides, the important values of polysaccharides in TCMs decoctions have been gradually emerged. Based on the representative findings of our own research and the literatures, the potential prebiotics function of TCMs polysaccharides were reviewed regarding its related effects on host physiological and pathological processes of metabolic function, bowel function, immunity, inflammation, emotion and tumor, on the metabolism and absorption of coexisting small molecule components, as well as the structure-function features, so that the meanings of polysaccharides in TCMs decoction were discussed and emphasized, and hopefully to provide enlightenment for the premise of attaching importance to the existence of polysaccharide components in the process of innovative drug research and development based on classical and clinical TCMs prescriptions.
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A pre-column derivatization and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) method was developed for qualitative and quantitative determination of medium- and short-chain fatty acids in mice feces, and was further applied to evaluate variations in the feces of mice before and after antibiotic treatment. This animal experiment had been approved by Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. By optimizing the derivatization conditions and UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS parameters a new UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method with 3-nitrophenylhydrazine as the derivatization reagent was developed for simultaneous determination of 16 medium- and short-chain fatty acids. Validation studies showed that the linearity of the calibration curves was good (R2>0.99), the RSD of intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 10%, the repeatability RSD was less than 6%, the recovery rate was between 80% - 120% at three spiked levels, and the stability RSD was less than 7% within 36 h. The types and amounts of the detected medium- and short-chain fatty acids in feces significantly changed after the mice were treated with antibiotics. The content of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and lactic acid decreased, whereas that of heptanoic acid and succinic acid increased significantly. All these results suggest that the newly established method is accurate and reliable, and can be used for determination of medium- and short-chain fatty acids in feces.
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Objective Only 10%-30% of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) respond pathologically to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT). This study was to search for a feasible gene signature predicting pathological response to NCRT in LARC. Methods Four datasets GSE35452, GSE46862, GSE68204 and GSE53781 relating to the mRNA expression matrix and tumor regression grading of LARC after NCRT were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The first three datasets were merged into one and divided into training sets (n = 121) and internal validation sets (n = 53) after batch effect removal, and the last dataset was used as external validation sets (n = 26). Pathological response-related genes in the training sets were identified by univariate logistic regression and t-test (crude P < 0.05) and ranked by the P-value. All the genes with P < 0.05 were subjected to the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and the first 50 to the support vector machine algorithm (SVM) for the establishment of predicting models, followed by verification in the corresponding validation set. Random sampling was repeated 500 times to determine the stability of the selected gene signatures and models. With the 21 most important genes revealed by LASSO as the candidates for model construction, the sensitivity index for NCRT was calculated as the total sum of coefficients in logistic regression and expression values in the merged datasets and external validation sets. The differentially expressed genes were identified between the response and non-response groups in the 174 merged datasets and subjected to regulatory network analysis. Results A total of 12 803 genes from the GSE35452, GSE46862 and GSE68204 datasets were included in the analysis. The accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of LASSO for predicting the pathological response in the internal validation sets were 0.523 (95% CI: 0.396-0.642, 0.578 (95% CI: 0.373-0.762) and 0.464 (95% CI: 0.258-0.700), while those of SVM were 0.504 (95% CI: 0.377-0.623), 0.596 (95% CI: 0.393-0.830) and 0.405(95% CI: 0.182-0.650), respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for pathological response prediction was 0.863 (95% CI: 0.811-0.912) in the 174 merged datasets and 0.925 (95% CI: 0.817-1.000) in the external validation sets. Conclusion The model for predicting response to NCRT established using the expression of candidate genes identified from a specific set of patients has a frustratingly low capacity in an independent set, probably because of high tumor heterogeneity among different individuals. Regulatory network analysis indicates that radiotherapy-resistance in rectal cancer may be mediated by the mechanisms underlying the invasion, metastasis and transformation of the malignancy.
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Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of heat-treating de-sulfur method for sulfur-fumigated Codonopsis Radix (CR) by investigating the changes in contents of sulfur dioxide residue and sulfur-containing derivatives after sulfur-fumigation.Method: Qualitative and semi-quantitative characterization of sulfur-containing derivatives was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS),and sulfur dioxide residues were determined by acid-base titration method. Then the correlations between sulfur dioxide residues and sulfur-containing derivatives in sulfur-fumigated CR samples with different sulfur-fumigation and heat treatment extents were analyzed.Result: Atractylenolide Ⅱ and atractylenolide Ⅲ sulfur-containing derivatives were identified as major characteristic markers of sulfur fumigated CR. With the increase of sulfur-fumigation time,the content of sulfur dioxide residues was continuously increased,while the content of sulfur-containing derivatives was elevated at the beginning and then reached to a plateau, so there was not necessarily a positive correlation between sulfur dioxide residue and the amount of sulfur derivatives. With the increase of heat-treated time,the content of sulfur dioxide residues was continuously decreased,while the content of sulfur-containing derivatives was decreased first and remained at a high level later. There was no clear correlation between sulfur dioxide residue and sulfur-containing derivatives in different sulfur-fumigated and heat-treating de-sulfur degrees of CR.Conclusion: Heat-treatment could decrease the content of sulfur dioxide residue,but the content of sulfur-containing derivatives still remained at a high level, so heat treatment could not reinstate the inner quality of sulfur-fumigated CR to its non-fumigated ones. Therefore, heat-treating de-sulfur is not a feasible method for the quality assurance of sulfur-fumigated CR.
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An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) method was developed to evaluate the chemical consistency of triterpene acids in ethanol extracts of Poria and acetic ether extracts thereof. First, high resolution mass spectrometry data were obtained with Full scan mode, by comparing with MS data from the reference compounds and literatures, a total of 23 components were unequivocally or tentatively identified in ethanol extracts and acetic ether extracts thereof. Then, a mimic multiple reaction monitoring (mMRM) mode was established using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS to quantify the triterpene acids in ethanol extracts and acetic ether extracts thereof. Eleven components were absolutely quantified with reference compounds, while 12 components without reference compounds were relatively quantified with peak areas, the transfer and enrichment rate of triterpene acids during liquid-liquid extraction were calculated. It was found all of the 23 triterpene acids identified in Poria ethanol extracts could be transferred into acetic ether extracts with high transfer and enrichment rate. The present study provides not only scientific evidence for further extraction of triterpene acids in Poria by acetic ether, but also an approach for comprehensive evaluation of the chemical consistency of herbal medicine extracts before and after the liquid-liquid extraction.
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Triptolide (TP) from Tripterygium wilfordii has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anticancer activities. TP is specially used for the treatment of awkward rheumatoid arthritis, but its clinical application is confined by intense side effects. It is reported that licorice can obviously reduce the toxicity of TP, but the detailed mechanisms involved have not been comprehensively investigated. The current study aimed to explore metabolomics characteristics of the toxic reaction induced by TP and the intervention effect of licorice water extraction (LWE) against such toxicity. Obtained urine samples from control, TP and TP + LWE treated rats were analyzed by UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS. The metabolic profiles of the control and the TP group were well differentiated by the principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The toxicity of TP was demonstrated to be evolving along with the exposure time of TP. Eight potential biomarkers related to TP toxicity were successfully identified in urine samples. Furthermore, LWE treatment could attenuate the change in six of the eight identified biomarkers. Functional pathway analysis revealed that the alterations in these metabolites were associated with tryptophan, pantothenic acid, and porphyrin metabolism. Therefore, it was concluded that LWE demonstrated interventional effects on TP toxicity through regulation of tryptophan, pantothenic acid, and porphyrin metabolism pathways, which provided novel insights into the possible mechanisms of TP toxicity as well as the potential therapeutic effects of LWE against such toxicity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Biomarkers , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Diterpenes , Toxicity , Epoxy Compounds , Toxicity , Glycyrrhiza , Metabolomics , Phenanthrenes , Toxicity , Plant Extracts , Therapeutic Uses , Principal Component Analysis , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , MethodsABSTRACT
Boiling processing is commonly used in post-harvest handling of White Paeony Root (WPR), in order to whiten the herbal materials and preserve the bright color, since such WPR is empirically considered to possess a higher quality. The present study was designed to investigate whether and how the boiling processing affects overall quality of WPR. First, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was developed to compare the holistic quality of boiled and un-boiled WPR samples. Second, ten major components in WPR samples boiled for different durations were quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography to further explore the effects of boiling time on the holistic quality of WPR, meanwhile the appearance of the processed herbal materials was observed. The results suggested that the boiling processing conspicuously affected the holistic quality of WPR by simultaneously and inconsistently altering the chemical compositions and that short-time boiling processing between 2 and 10 min could both make the WPR bright-colored and improve the contents of major bioactive components, which were not achieved either without boiling or with prolonged boiling. In conclusion, short-term boiling (2-10 min) is recommended for post-harvest handling of WPR.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Reference Standards , Hot Temperature , Mass Spectrometry , Methods , Paeonia , Chemistry , Plant Roots , Chemistry , Technology, Pharmaceutical , WaterABSTRACT
The amount of sulfur dioxide residue is currently employed by Chinese Pharmacopoeia (CP) as an index to screen sulfur-fumigated herbs, but it is unclear if this index can objectively reflect the quality of sulfur-fumigated herbs. In the present study, sulfur-containing derivatives were confirmed in sulfur-fumigated Moutan Cortex (MC) by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, and the contents of sulfur-containing derivatives and sulfur dioxide residues were statistically analyzed both in self-made and commercially available sulfur-fumigated and non-fumigated MC as well as the samples thereof before and after eight-month storage. The amount of sulfur dioxide was significantly decreased, but that of the newly-generated sulfur-containing markers was not, after eight-month storage of the sulfur-fumigated MC samples, indicating that the amount of sulfur dioxide residue may not be positively correlated with the quality of sulfur-fumigated MC. Therefore, sulfur dioxide residue index alone may not objectively reflect the sulfur-fumigation extent (quality change extent) of MC, more specific method using characteristic sulfur-containing derivatives as chemical markers should be developed to supplement the sulfur dioxide residue determination in the quality control of sulfur-fumigated MC.
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AIM@#To evaluate the chemical profiles and cytotoxic effects among the total saponin fraction (TSF), 25% ethanol fraction (25EF), 50% ethanol fraction (50EF), and 85% ethanol fraction (85EF) prepared by macroporous resin from the leaves of Panax notoginseng.@*METHOD@#The simultaneous determination of thirteen main saponins, as well as the chemical profiles of saponin fractions of different polarity, was made by HPLC-DAD and LC-ESI-MS(n) analysis. The cytotoxic effects were determined against KP4 cells (human pancreatic cancer), NCI-H727 cells (human lung cancer), HepG2 cells (human hepatocellular cancer), and SGC-7901 cells (human gastric adenocarcinoma).@*RESULTS@#Chemical analysis indicated that 85EF possessed the most abundant cytotoxic protopanaxadiol saponins, including the marker saponins F2, 20(R)-Rg3, 20(S)-Rg3, and Rh2. The MTT assay showed that 85EF also had the strongest cytotoxic effects among the four fractions. 25EF showed no anti-proliferative effects, while 50EF and TSF exhibited weak anti-proliferative activity.@*CONCLUSION@#From the aspect of comprehensive utilization of resources, 85EF, enriched with low polarity PPD group saponins, is a new alternative source of anticancer saponins, and a promising botanical preparation for further anticancer studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Mass Spectrometry , Panax notoginseng , Chemistry , Plant Leaves , Chemistry , Saponins , Chemistry , PharmacologyABSTRACT
This article dealed with the effects of processing method and duration on the major bioactive components (sinigrin and sinapine thiocyanate) in Brassica juncea. The contents of sinigrin and sinapine thiocyanate in decoctions of raw and processed B. juncea were determined and compared by high performance liquid chromatography on a Alltima C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) at 35 degrees C with the acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid as the mobile phrase in gradient elution. The detection wavelength of sinigrin and sinapine thiocyanate was set at 227 nm and 326 nm, and the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). It was found that with the extended processing duration, the contents of sinigrin and sinapine thiocyanate first increased and then decreased: i.e., 0-2 minutes they increased gradually (for sinigrin, by 9.65% in processed products and 356. 10% in powder; for sinapine thiocyanate, by 12.82% in processed products and 3.41% in powder), and achieved their highest content at 2 min; then, decreased during the next 5 minutes (for sinigrin, by 80.35% in processed products and 82.09% in powder; for sinapine thiocyanate, by 14.29% in processed products and 17.54% in powder), suggesting that processing duration could significantly affect the contents of bioactive components in B. juncea, enzymatic hydrolysis of sinigrin when the seed is crushed in the present of moisture may be responsible for the content change. It is recommended that the slow fire should be the best processing method and the raw seed could be used directly in the water extracts related industrial production.
Subject(s)
Brassica , Chemistry , Choline , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Glucosinolates , Chemistry , Powders , Chemistry , Thiocyanates , ChemistryABSTRACT
The bioactivities, chemical composition and distribution of aerial parts of Panax species are different from the roots. The present paper summarized the phytochemical and analytical studies of aerial parts of Panax species, including P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. quinquefoliun and P. japonicus. This review aims so as to provide scientific evidences for further investigation of chemical profile, quality control and optimal utilization of these resources.
Subject(s)
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Panax , Chemistry , Plant Components, Aerial , Chemistry , Quality Control , Saponins , ChemistryABSTRACT
The content of SO2 in Paeoniae Radix Alba (RPA) was determined by the method documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (CP) 2010 edition to validate the repeatability of the method for evaluating RPA, and the contents of paeoniflorin sulfonate in both the residual material and distilled solution of RPA were determined by HPLC to study the transformation of paeoniflorin sulfonate to SO2 by HCl. It was found that the repeatability of the method in CP for evaluating RPA is unacceptable, and paeoniflorin sulfonate was detectable in both the residual material and distilled solution of RPA even at "the end point" of SO2 determination, merely about 50% of paeoniflorin sulfonate was transformed to SO2 by HCl, indicating that the current SO2 determination method in CP is not able to accurately quantify SO2 in RPA. It is recommended that more special method for determining SO2 content in RPA should be developed regarding the chemical characteristics of sulfur-fumigated RPA.
Subject(s)
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical , Methods , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Fumigation , Glucosides , Monoterpenes , Paeonia , Chemistry , Pharmacopoeias as Topic , Reference Standards , Sulfur Dioxide , ChemistryABSTRACT
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) combined with reference herb method was developed to rapidly screen commercial sulfur-fumigated ginseng. Sufur-fumigated ginseng reference herb was prepared using genuine ginseng by conventional procedure. Then the reference sulfur-fumigated ginseng sample was analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS to identify characteristic marker components. 25-hydroxyl-Re sulfate with higher abundance was se- lected as marker compound from 8 characteristic components identified in sulfur-fumigated ginseng reference herb. The fragmentation of 25-hydroxyl-Re sulfate was extensively investigated, fragment ion m/z 879.44 with higher intensity was chosen as the characteristic ion of sulfur-fumigated ginseng. The response of ion m/z 879. 44 was improved by optimizing the MS conditions so that this ion could be used as the characteristic marker ion for screening purpose in ion extracting screening mode. The established approach was successfully applied to inspect 21 commercial ginseng samples collected from different cities in China It was found that the chemical profiles of 9 samples were similar to that of sulfur-fumigated ginseng reference herb, and the characteristic ion m/z 879. 44 of 25-hydroxyl-Re sulfate was also detected in these samples, suggesting that there were nearly 43% ginseng samples analyzed being sulfur-fumigated. This findng agreed well with the results of sulfur dioxide residues of these 21 commercial ginseng samples determined with the method documented in Chinese Pharmacopeia Compared with the method documented in Chinese Pharmacopeia, the proposed approach is more rapid and specific for screening sulfur-fumigated ginseng. SFDA of China should strengthen the enforcement to prohibit ginseng being sulfur-fumigated, so that ginseng and it preparations could be effectively and safely benefit to the health of human beings.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Reference Standards , Drug Contamination , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Fumigation , Panax , Chemistry , Quality Control , Reference Standards , Sulfur , Chemistry , Sulfur Dioxide , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Methods , Reference Standards , Time FactorsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the feasibility of the application of ultra high-pressure processing (UHPP) as an anticorrosion and anti-mould method by comparing the total numbers of bacteria and mould colonies and the content of ginsenosides before and after UHPP.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The total numbers of bacteria and moulds colony were determined by microbiological test method. The contents of 12 ginsenosides were determined by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Under the three selected conditions, the total number of bacterial colony decreased significantly, while the mould was not detected in UHPP samples; and the contents of 12 ginsenosides were increased significantly in methanol extracts and water extracts.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>UHPP not only shows anticorrosion and anti-mould effects, but also enhances the leaching rate of ginsenosides. It is a highly effective, safe and environmental friendly anticorrosion and anti-mould technique for Ranax ginseng worth in-depth study.</p>
Subject(s)
Bacteria , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Corrosion , Feasibility Studies , Ginsenosides , Panax , Chemistry , Microbiology , PressureABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Symptomatic predictors of influenza could assess risks and improve decisions about isolation and outpatient treatment. To develop such predictors, we undertook a prospective analysis of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza (H3N2) in patients attending fever clinics.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 1 May 2009 to 1 January 2010, all adult patients admitted to fever clinics for suspected influenza, confirmed by real time RT-PCR, were enrolled. Predictors of influenza virus infection were selected with logistic regression models. Measures of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LRs) were calculated to identify the best predictors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The clinical features and routine blood test results of influenza (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza were similar. The positive and negative LRs of current US CDC influenza-like illness (ILI) criteria were modest in predicting influenza infection. Our modified clinic predictors improved the ability of the positive and negative LRs to recognize pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza. The revised criteria are: fever >38 °C accompanied by at least one of the following-cough, arthralgia or relative lymphopenia.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Patients with symptoms and signs that meet the new criteria are likely to have influenza and timely antiviral therapy may be appropriate. In addition, physicians should ascertain if influenza is circulating within the community or if there is a contact history of influenza and combine this information with the newly developed criteria to clinically diagnose influenza.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype , Influenza, Human , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , Virology , Logistic Models , Multivariate Analysis , Pandemics , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the relationship between serum and monocyte-derived-macrophages secreted adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP), adiponectin (or A-FABP/adiponectin ratio) and coronary artery disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three hundred and forty subjects underwent coronary angiography (CAG) were classified into CAD group (n = 211) and non-CAD group (n = 129) according to the CAG results. The severity of coronary artery stenosis was assessed by the numbers of involved coronary artery branches and the sum of the Gensini scores. Fasting venous blood was collected from all subjects and peripheral monocytes were isolated from 20 subjects (10 selected from each group with age-, gender-, and BMI-matched). Peripheral blood monocytes were obtained and stimulated into macrophages with PMA, cell culture supernatant was collected. The concentration of serum/supernatant A-FABP and adiponectin levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) A-FABP levels tended to be higher in CAD patients compared to non-CAD subjects [18.3(13.2, 22.8) µg/L vs. 16.4(13.5, 20.4) µg/L, P = 0.088]. The concentration of adiponectin in CAD group was significantly lower than those in non-CAD group [13.9 (9.8, 17.1) mg/L vs. 19.7 (14.5, 27.6) mg/L, P < 0.05]. (2) The A-FABP levels increased and the adiponectin levels decreased as the number of stenotic vessels increased. Gensini scores were positively correlated with serum A-FABP (r = 0.120, P = 0.043) and inversely correlated with adiponectin (r = -0.405, P = 0.007). (3) The difference in A-FABP/adiponectin ratio was more prominent between subjects with CAD and subjects without CAD [(1.51 ± 0.79) µg/mg vs. (0.89 ± 0.30) µg/mg, P < 0.01] and there was a stronger positive correlation of Gensini score to A-FABP/adiponectin ratio(r = 0.531, P = 0.000). (4) Monocyte-derived-macrophages from patients with CAD had higher A-FABP/adiponectin ratio than that in patients without CAD [(0.51 ± 0.19) µg/mg vs. (0.36 ± 0.11) µg/mg, P < 0.05].</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Increased levels of serum A-FABP and reduced levels of adiponectin in CAD patients serves as a novel biomarker for the severity of the coronary stenosis. A-FABP/adiponectin ratio is superior to A-FABP or adiponectin alone on predicting CAD risks.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Adipocytes , Metabolism , Adiponectin , Blood , Coronary Artery Disease , Blood , Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins , BloodABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the influence of Shehuang Paste (SHP) to the hemodynamics, endotoxin, nitric oxide (NO), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in patients with refractory cirrhotic ascites.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-nine cases of refractory cirrhotic ascites were randomly assigned to two groups, 32 cases in the treatment group and 27 cases in the control group. The basic treatment was the same for both groups, including liver protecting medicines, diuretics and supportive drugs, but SHP navel sticking was applied for the treatment group additionally once a day. A course of one month of treatment was applied and the general efficacy on ascites was observed by the end of the therapeutic course. Before and after the treatment, examinations by limulus lysate chromogenic test was conducted to measure plasma endotoxin content; colorimetry to measure plasma content of NO indirectly, radioimmunoassay to measure plasma ET-1 content; and color Doppler ultrasonography to measure the blood flow of portal vein and splenic vein. The relationship between the blood flow of portal vein and splenic vein and endotoxin, NO and ET-1 in the treatment group was analyzed as well.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total effective rate on ascites was 84.4% in the treatment group, and 48. 1% in the control group, with significant difference shown between them (P<0.01). In the treatment group the blood flow of portal vein and splenic vein, contents of endotoxin, NO and ET-1 all got significantly reduced after treatment ( P<0.05 or P<0.01); while these indexes in the control group were not significantly changed ( P 0.05). Moreover, it was found that in the treatment group, the blood flow of portal vein and splenic vein had a positive correlation to the levels of NO, ET-1, and endotoxin, either before or after treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Application of SHP navel sticking could clearly reduce the blood flow of portal vein and splenic vein, and lower the content of endotoxin, NO and ET-1. The blood flow of portal vein and splenic vein in the treatment group showed a positive correlation with the contents of endotoxin, NO and ET-1. liver cirrhosis, refractory ascites, vasoactive substance, hemodynamics</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Endothelin-1 , Blood , Endotoxins , Blood , Follow-Up Studies , Liver , Liver Cirrhosis , Blood , Drug Therapy , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Nitric Oxide , Blood , Portal Vein , Potassium , Metabolism , Regional Blood Flow , Sodium , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To establish a high performance liquid chromatographic fingerprint for the quality control of rhizoma Chuanxiong, a traditional Chinese medicine derived from the root of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort..</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An on-line optimized HPLC-DAD-MS technique was employed. The HPLC analysis was performed on a Waters Symmetry C18 column (150 mm x4. 6 mm ID, 5 microm) with a Waters Spherisorb S5 ODS2 (10 mm x 4.6 mm) guard column. The mobile phase consisted of A (methanol) and B (0.25% acetic acid). Components were separated using the following gradient profile: 32% B at 0-3 min, 32%-85% B at 3-33 min, 85%-100% B at 33-52 min; flow rate was 0.7 mL x min(-1). DAD was set from 190 to 400 nm, the fingerprint was monitored at 294 nm. All mass spectra were acquired in the positive ion mode with electrospray ionization; the full scan mass spectrum was recorded over the range of m/z 100-800. Nine samples from three companies were analyzed; the main characteristic peaks were identified based on the comparison of UV and MS spectra of each analyte with that of authentic compounds and literature data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The HPLC fingerprint was established based on the analysis of nine rhizoma Chuanxiong herbal samples supplied by three companies. Twenty-one characteristic peaks were found in all nine samples. These peaks were classified into four groups: group I at 0-12 min, three peaks were found, and the marker peak 3 was confirmed as ferulic acid; group II at 12-24 min, four peaks were found, and the marker peaks 4 and 5 were identified as senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H; group III at 24-32 min, there were seven peaks, and the marker peaks 9, 11, 13 and 14 were elucidated as senkyunolide A, coniferylferulate, ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide, respectively; group IV at 32-50 min, seven peaks were observed, and the marker peaks 15 and 17 were identified as riligustilide and levistolide A. The peak areas of 13 main peaks with normalized peak area (1% were determined. Using the most abundant peak 13 as the reference peak, the calculated relative retention times (tR of the characteristic peak/tR of the reference peak) among nine samples were consistent (RSD < or = 1%), while the calculated relative peak areas (peak area of the characteristic peak/peak area of the reference peak) among nine samples were significantly different (P < 0.001), indicating that all nine samples tested contain similar 13 main components with different quantities.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The established HPLC fingerprint is very specific, and can be used to evaluate the quality consistency of different rhizoma Chuanxiong herbs.</p>
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Ligusticum , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Quality Control , Rhizome , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To establish an HPLC-ELSD method for the simultaneous determination of five major bioactive isosteroidal alkaloids and gluco-alkaloids in the bulbs of Fritillaria namely peimissine, imperialine, sinpeinine A, imperialine-3 beta-glucoside and yibeinoside A.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A Nova-Pak C18 column (150 mm x 3.9 mm ID) was used. The chromatography was carried out with a linear gradient programming. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (containing 0.1% diethylamine) and the flow rate was 1.0 mL.min-1.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The linear range of peimissine was 13.1-288.2 mg.L-1 (r2 = 0.9975), imperialine-3 beta-glucoside 7.7-169.4 mg.L-1 (r2 = 0.9993), yibeinoside A 7.3-160.6 mg.L-1 (r2 = 0.9997), imperialine 16.5-363.0 mg.L-1 (r2 = 0.9992), sinpeinine A 8.7-191.4 mg.L-1 (r2 = 0.9942).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method is accurate with overall intra- and inter-day variation less than 5% and recovery more than 95%. The method was successfully applied to analyze five major bioactive alkaloids and gluco-alkaloids in three Fritillaria bulbs.</p>